Small-Scale Batch Crystallization of Proteins Revisited

Small-scale batch crystallization of proteins revisited: an underutilized way to grow large protein crystals.

Growth of high-quality crystals is a major obstacle in many structural investigations. In recent years, the techniques for screening crystals have improved dramatically, whereas the methods for obtaining large crystals have progressed more slowly. This is an important issue since, although many structures can be solved from small crystals with synchrotron radiation, it is far easier to solve an...

INTERACTION OF PROTEINS WITH SMALL MOLECULES

Small-scale batch fabrication of carbon nanofiber probes

The batch-growth of linear-shaped single CNFs onto commercially available Si cantilevers (3 – 9 chips / batch) using the ion-irradiation method was challenged, and the growth parameters were optimized in terms of the sample temperature (up to 70C) and the ion-irradiation time. In every growth condition tested here, the batch-fabrication of CNF probes was achieved. The length and the growth dire...

Small-Scale Batch Fabrication and Characterization of Carbon Nanofiber Probes

Due to their high aspect ratios, nanoscale tip radii, high chemical stability and high mechanical strength, carbon nanotubes (CNTs [1]) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are thought to be an ideal probe for scanning probe microscopes (SPMs). Thus, much effort has been devoted to fabricate CNTor CNF-based SPM probes since the discovery of CNTs [2]. Nevertheless, the batch fabrication of CNTor CNF-tip...

From Small Batch to Large-scale Continuous Processes

T he chemical process industries are probably the least understood of all manufacturing sectors, largely because few final products are sold directly to consumers. The chemical process industries are perhaps best summarized by the BASF ad: “We don’t make the products you buy, we make the products you buy, better.” A consumer who purchases an automobile generally has some appreciation for the se...